These disorders result from a diet low in iodine, which is particularly damaging during early pregnancy because it retards foetal development, especially brain development, causing a range of intellectual, motor and hearing deficits. The remainder distributed throughout other tissues, like mammary. Sustainable elimination of iodine deficiency unicef. Iodine fortification of foods and condiments, other than. Iodine deficiency and hypothyroidism from voluntary diet. Micronutrient malnutrition affects approximately 2 billion people worldwide. There was a significant reduction in brain weight in the newborns from the second pregnancy.
Fortification of foodgrade salt with iodine for the prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders iii acknowledgements v financial support v executive summary 1 purpose of the guideline 2 guideline development methodology 2 available evidence 3 recommendation3 remarks 3 implications for future research 6 scope and purpose 7. These effects are due to inadequate production of thyroid hormone and are termed iodinedeficiency disorders. Adding iodine to salt is the most widely used strategy to control iodine deficiency. Pdf on oct 31, 2015, kavitha menon and others published iodine deficiency disorders find, read and cite all the research you need on. Iodine deficiency is a risk factor for the growth and development of up to 2. Monitoring systems in broad part of each country is notable effort to eliminate iodine deficiency disorders idd. Iodine, iodine deficiency, and iodine deficiency disorders. The spectrum of iodine deficiency disorders, idd ref. According to who a goitre rate above 5%constitutes a public health problem. Iodine deficiency can impair human health severely and cause iodine deficiency disorders idd, including endemic goiter, endemic cretinism, endemic subclinical cretinism, and so on. It impacts all ages, but is most damaging in women of childbearing age wcba and young children. Iodine deficiency is a public health problem if prevalence of goiter is greater than 5% c. Definition iodine deficiency disorders refer to a spectrum of health consequences resulting from inadequate intake of iodine. Iodine is not a major public health problem for developed countries.
You can use this simple test at home to find out if you need to focus on getting more iodine in your diet. The term iodine deficiency disorders refers to all of the consequences of iodine deficiency, which depend on its severity and the age of the affected subject. Iodine deficiency an overview sciencedirect topics. Iodine, iodine metabolism and iodine deficiency disorders. Iodized salt, the preferred method, is easy to produce, administer in physiologic doses, and is cost effective. The remainder distributed throughout other tissues, like.
From 2838 to 2698 bc, china had made effort to control endemic goiter. The two major factors responsible for idd are inadequate iodine intake and inadequate iodine utilization. Iodine deficiency disorders are among the most significant public health problems in the world at the present time, especially among children and pregnant women, considered the highest risk population. The thyroid gland was enlarged with gross reduction in plasma t4 in both mothers and newborns, and was greater in the second pregnancy than in the first, suggesting a greater severity of iodine deficiency. Iodine deficiency has many adverse effects on growth and development. The prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders unscn.
Epidemiology iodine deficiency is the single most important cause of preventable mental retardation. On a worldwide basis, iodine deficiency is the single most important preventable cause of brain damage. Most preventable cause of mental retardation in the world. But a lack of iodine can cause an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland, known as a goiter, and other thyroid problems. Although ethiopian government developed micronutrient deficiency prevention and control guideline in 2005 and deployed health extension workers to give behaviour change communication for use of iodized salt. Iodine deficiency is defined as a median urinary iodine concentration less than 100. When left untreated, iodine deficiency can lead to severe hypothyroidism. Assessment of iodine deficiency disorders and monitoring. It also presents guidelines on the procedures for monitoring salt iodine content, whether at. Idd are a permanent natural occurrence that affects the entire.
These effects are due to inadequate production of thyroid hormone and are termed iodine deficiency disorders. Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of preventable mental impairment worldwide. Given that sweat helps keep your skin moist and hydrated, a lack of sweat may be another reason why dry, flaky skin is a common symptom of iodine deficiency. Iodine deficiency disorders idd result from inadequate thyroid hormone production due to inadequate iodine intake. Iodine fact sheet for consumers people who do not use iodized salt. The term iodine deficiency disorders has been coined to represent the different array of disorder that result from iodine deficiency in. General english only international council for control of iodine deficiency disorders id united nations childrens fund d this document is intended primarily for managers of national programmes for the. Iodine deficiency disorders iodine is an essential component in thyroid hormone production thyroid hormone regulates basic metabolism. A free powerpoint ppt presentation displayed as a flash slide show on id. The iodine deficiency disorders iodine global network. Assessment of iodine deficiency disorders and monitoring their. Iodine is very important for thyroid hormone production.
Congenital iodine deficiency syndrome, previously known as cretinism, is a condition associated with iodine deficiency and goiter, commonly characterised by mental deficiency, deafness, squint, disorders of stance and gait and stunted growth due to hypothyroidism. The importance of iodine deficiency disorders idd iodine deficiency, through its effects on the developing brain, has condemned millions of people to a life of few prospects and continued underdevelopment. It is estimated that 2 billion individuals worldwide have insufficient iodine intake. Insufficient iodine intake can lead to health issues, including hypothyroidism. Iodine fact sheet for consumers nih office of dietary. Iodine deficiency disorder idd is the most common endocrinopathy in the world and also the most preventable cause of mental retardation. Hetzel, in international encyclopedia of public health second edition, 2017. Iodine deficiency has multiple adverse effects on growth and development, and is the most common cause of preventable intellectual disability in the world. Idd is used to define a group of diseases resulting from a relative loss of iodine in the diet, including multiple defects. Population effects of severe iodine deficiency, termed iodine deficiency disorders idds, include endemic goiter, hypothyroidism, cretinism, decreased fertility rate, increased infant mortality, and mental retardation.
People with lower thyroid hormone levels, such as those with an iodine deficiency, tend to sweat less than people with normal thyroid hormone levels 18, 19. The effects of iodine deficiency on growth and development, called the iodine deficiency disorders idds, comprise goiter. Ppt iodine deficiency disorders powerpoint presentation. Severe iodine deficiency results in impaired thyroid hormone synthesis andor thyroid enlargement goiter. Assessment methods include urinary iodine concentration, goitre, newborn thyroidstimulating hormone, and blood thyroglobulin. In an area where the extent of idd is unknown, the problem should. The iodine deficiency disorders endotext ncbi bookshelf. Iodine deficiency is a global public health concern exhibiting a spectrum of adverse effects on mental, physical and functional abilities, collectively known as iodine deficiency disorders idd. Thyroid hormone controls your metabolism and other important body functions. Elimination of iodine deficiency disorders in southeast asia. Iodine deficiency is a lack of the trace element iodine, an essential nutrient in the diet. Iodine deficiency disorders and monitoring their elimination a guide for programme managers second edition whonhd01. Iodine deficiency disorder is a threat to social and economic development of a country. Iodine health organizations who european region has.
Since iodine is released from the body through the urine, the best way to determine iodine deficiency across a large population is to measure the amounts of iodine in urine samples. When severe iodine deficiency occurs during pregnancy, it is associated with fetal hypothyroidism, mental impairment, and. This guide will serve as an introduction to technical manuals, currently in preparation, on iodized salt, iodized oil, iodinedeficiency disorders assessment. Can be from iodine deficiency doctors will check for large nodules can be seen with both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism 1. Low levels of iodine are not the only cause of low thyroid function. These disorders hinder socioeconomic development in the affected areas. Introduction of iodised salt to regions of chronic iodine deficiency disorders might transiently increase the proportion of thyroid disorders, but overall the small risks of iodine excess are far. Iodine deficiency in children and adults with limited diets has been reported.
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